Ka\u0146epes: Evol\u016bcija un etnobot\u0101nika (University of California Press, 2016), ko sarakst\u012bju\u0161i Robert Clarke un Mark Merlinis, ir visaptvero\u0161s starpdisciplin\u0101rs p\u0113t\u012bjums par \u0161\u012b slaven\u0101 auga dabisko izcelsmi un agr\u012bno evol\u016bciju, uzsverot t\u0101 v\u0113sturisko lomu cilv\u0113ku sabiedr\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101. \u0160\u012b noda\u013ca ir no noda\u013cas par “Ka\u0146epju kult\u016bras izplat\u012bbu”.\n<\/p>\n
Otr\u0101s t\u016bksto\u0161gades beig\u0101s un divdesmit pirmaj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 notika b\u016btiskas p\u0101rmai\u0146as, kas turpin\u0101s virz\u012bt gan ka\u0146epju, gan marihu\u0101nas \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u att\u012bst\u012bbu un izplat\u012bbu ar\u012b tuv\u0101kaj\u0101 n\u0101kotn\u0113. Krimin\u0101lvaj\u0101\u0161ana par narkotisko ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161anu Rietumvalst\u012bs bija saist\u012bta ar arvien barg\u0101kiem sodiem, un slepenie audz\u0113t\u0101ji p\u0101rc\u0113la savu ra\u017eu m\u0101ksl\u012bgos audz\u0113\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013cos uz telp\u0101m, lai izvair\u012btos no ties\u012bbaizsardz\u012bbas iest\u0101\u017eu atkl\u0101\u0161anas. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 daudz\u0101s jurisdikcij\u0101s tika atjaunots r\u016bpniecisko ka\u0146epju leg\u0101lais statuss; l\u012bdz ar to Eirop\u0101 izplat\u012bj\u0101s komerci\u0101la \u0161\u0137iedras un s\u0113klu audz\u0113\u0161ana, Kan\u0101d\u0101 un Jaunz\u0113land\u0113 s\u0101k\u0101s s\u0113klu ra\u017eo\u0161ana, daudzviet tika uzs\u0101kti ka\u0146epju izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumi un audz\u0113\u0161anas projekti. \u0100zijas valstis, piem\u0113ram, \u0136\u012bna, ar\u012b papla\u0161in\u0101ja ka\u0146epju ra\u017eo\u0161anu, lai apmierin\u0101tu pieaugo\u0161o Rietumu tirgus piepras\u012bjumu. Jaunas industri\u0101lo ka\u0146epju \u0161\u0137iedras un s\u0113klu \u0161\u0137irnes tiek izstr\u0101d\u0101tas, izmantojot C. sativa ssp. sativa NLH un C. indica ssp. chinenesis BLH starpsugu hibr\u012bdus, lai papla\u0161in\u0101tu industri\u0101lo ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161anas are\u0101lu l\u012bdztekus ekvatori\u0101lajiem apgabaliem, kur pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s Eiropas NLH \u0161\u0137irnes aug slikti. Medic\u012bnisko ka\u0146epju selekcijas m\u0113r\u0137is bija paaugstin\u0101t THC un citu kanabino\u012bdu l\u012bmeni, k\u0101 ar\u012b unik\u0101lus terpeno\u012bdu profilus. Tom\u0113r Amerikas Savienot\u0101s Valstis, lai gan ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as par pasaul\u0113 liel\u0101ko ka\u0146epju \u0161\u0137iedras un s\u0113klu produktu import\u0113t\u0101ju, joproj\u0101m pretojas r\u016bpniecisko ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161anas legaliz\u0101cijai. Visas \u0161\u012bs tendences izriet no izmai\u0146\u0101m, kas Rietumu sabiedr\u012bb\u0101s saist\u012btas ar ka\u0146epju legaliz\u0101ciju - gan ierobe\u017eojo\u0161\u0101m, gan atbalsto\u0161\u0101m. Tas ir saist\u012bts gan ar likumu stingr\u0101ku pie\u0146em\u0161anu, lai ierobe\u017eotu neleg\u0101lo narkotiku ra\u017eo\u0161anu, gan ar\u012b ar ka\u0146epju k\u0101 dz\u012bvotsp\u0113j\u012bgas r\u016bpniecisk\u0101s kult\u016bras atz\u012b\u0161anu un attiec\u012bgi valstu narkotiku likumu un starptautisko l\u012bgumu groz\u012b\u0161anu, lai at\u013cautu to audz\u0113\u0161anu.\n<\/p>\n
Zieme\u013camerikas un Eiropas BLD × NLD sinsemillas \u0161\u0137irnes tagad pla\u0161i audz\u0113 liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 Rietumvalstu, tostarp Austr\u0101lij\u0101 un Jaunz\u0113land\u0113. M\u016bsdienu hibr\u012bdi un sve\u0161zemju viet\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes bie\u017ei non\u0101k l\u012bdz lauku agr\u0101raj\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m jaunatt\u012bst\u012bbas valst\u012bs, kur\u0101s lauksaimnieki k\u0101dreiz audz\u0113ja savas tradicion\u0101l\u0101s \u0161\u0137iedras un narkotiku viet\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes, un p\u0113d\u0113jos gados Zieme\u013camerik\u0101 un Eirop\u0101 audz\u0113t\u0101s hibr\u012bdu s\u0113klas aizvien vair\u0101k tiek audz\u0113tas tradicion\u0101laj\u0101s marihu\u0101nas un ha\u0161i\u0161a ra\u017eot\u0101jvalst\u012bs (piem\u0113ram, Meksik\u0101, Marok\u0101, Nep\u0101l\u0101, Jamaik\u0101, Kolumbij\u0101 un Taizem\u0113). Tradicion\u0101l\u0101 audz\u0113\u0161ana br\u012bv\u0101 dab\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b \u012bpa\u0161i atlas\u012btu hibr\u012bdu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161ana m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 apgaismojum\u0101 telp\u0101s turpin\u0101s pieaugt vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113, jo papla\u0161in\u0101s augstas kvalit\u0101tes marihu\u0101nas un ha\u0161i\u0161a tirgus. T\u0101 k\u0101 eksotisk\u0101s s\u0113klas aizvien vair\u0101k tiek izplat\u012btas komerci\u0101l\u0101s audz\u0113\u0161anas re\u0123ionos, introduc\u0113t\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes hibridiz\u0113jas ar tradicion\u0101laj\u0101m \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m. L\u012bdz ar to \u0123en\u0113tiski t\u012br\u0101s viet\u0113j\u0101s viet\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes tiek infic\u0113tas ar ievestajiem g\u0113niem un izz\u016bd. Lai gan ka\u0146epes kopum\u0101 plaukst vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 un ir t\u0101lu no izmir\u0161anas, m\u0113s esam zaud\u0113ju\u0161i lielu da\u013cu no 20. gadsimta 70. un 80. gadu \u0123en\u0113tisk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas, kad tradicion\u0101laj\u0101s agr\u0101raj\u0101s kult\u016br\u0101s izol\u0113t\u0101s \u0123eogr\u0101fisk\u0101s viet\u0101s tradicion\u0101l\u0101s viet\u0113j\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes tika pla\u0161i audz\u0113tas, un Rietumos bie\u017ei tika introduc\u0113tas jaunas s\u0113klas no \u0101rzemju avotiem. Savuk\u0101rt Rietumu s\u0113klu selekcion\u0101ri (ar marihu\u0101nas audz\u0113t\u0101ju un kontrabandistu starpniec\u012bbu) ieviesa savas “uzlabot\u0101s” hibr\u012bdu \u0161\u0137irnes tradicion\u0101laj\u0101s ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161anas kult\u016br\u0101s un neapzin\u0101ti veicin\u0101ja savu iecien\u012bto landrace \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u izzu\u0161anu.\n<\/p>\n
Pa\u0161laik marihu\u0101nu telp\u0101s, m\u0101ksl\u012bgaj\u0101 apgaismojum\u0101 un siltumn\u012bc\u0101s visbie\u017e\u0101k audz\u0113 no ve\u0123etat\u012bvi pavairotiem hibr\u012bdiem BLD × NLD spraude\u0146iem, un s\u0113klas izmanto reti, iz\u0146emot s\u0113klu audz\u0113\u0161anai. Tas ierobe\u017eo kult\u016braugu uzlabo\u0161anu ar selekt\u012bv\u0101s selekcijas pal\u012bdz\u012bbu, jo s\u0113klas izmanto vai ra\u017eo reti, un t\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 p\u0101rtrauc dzimumvairo\u0161anos, un evol\u016bcija p\u0101rst\u0101j vai noteikti iev\u0113rojami pal\u0113nin\u0101s. Tom\u0113r sinsemillas selekcion\u0101ri turpina izstr\u0101d\u0101t agr\u012bni nogatavojo\u0161as un augstas ra\u017eas \u0161\u0137irnes, kas ir \u012bsas un kompaktas, lai t\u0101s var\u0113tu izmantot iek\u0161telp\u0101s audz\u0113tav\u0101s un lai izvair\u012btos no atkl\u0101\u0161anas \u0101r\u0101. Kop\u0161 20. gadsimta 90. gadiem sinsemillas marihu\u0101nas s\u0113jumi telp\u0101s tiek audz\u0113ti \u0161\u0137ietamam medic\u012bniskam lietojumam, jo Zieme\u013camerik\u0101 un Eirop\u0101 \u0161tatu un viet\u0113j\u0101s jurisdikcijas aizvien vair\u0101k atz\u012bst medic\u012bnisko marihu\u0101nu par atsevi\u0161\u0137u jaut\u0101jumu, kas nav saist\u012bts ar lieto\u0161anu izklaides nol\u016bk\u0101, un attiec\u012bgi pie\u0146em attiec\u012bgus ties\u012bbu aktus. Ve\u0123etat\u012bvi audz\u0113tu klonu izplat\u012b\u0161an\u0101s m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 vid\u0113 6. f\u0101z\u0113 palielin\u0101ja Cannabis’izplat\u012bbu pils\u0113tu teritorij\u0101s, kur ir viegli pieejams \u016bdens, elektr\u012bba, lauksaimniec\u012bbas izejvielas un priv\u0101tums. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di vismaz da\u017eas narkotisko ka\u0146epju \u0161\u0137irnes beidzot ir piln\u012bb\u0101 pieradin\u0101tas un l\u012bdz ar to piln\u012bb\u0101 atkar\u012bgas no cilv\u0113ka, lai izdz\u012bvotu un izplat\u012btos. Tas ir ar\u012b v\u0113l vair\u0101k apgr\u016btin\u0101jis neleg\u0101lo narkotisko ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161anas kontroli.\n<\/p>\n
Vair\u0101k par marihu\u0101nu: Evol\u016bcija un etnobot\u0101nika:\n<\/p>\n
Izvilkums no gr\u0101matas \"Ka\u0146epes: Evol\u016bcija un etnobot\u0101nika (Evolution and Ethnobotany, 2016), ko ar University of California Press at\u013cauju sarakst\u012bju\u0161i Roberts Kl\u0101rks un Marks Merlins.\n<\/p>\n
Saist\u012btais video: Ieg\u016bt r\u016bpniecisko ka\u0146epju at\u013cauju\n<\/p>\n
Abon\u0113jiet m\u016bsu YouTube kan\u0101lu, lai skat\u012btu vair\u0101k lielisku videoklipu.\n<\/p>\n
\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ka\u0146epes: Evol\u016bcija un etnobot\u0101nika (University of California Press, 2016), ko sarakst\u012bju\u0161i Robert Clarke un Mark Merlinis, ir visaptvero\u0161s starpdisciplin\u0101rs p\u0113t\u012bjums par \u0161\u012b slaven\u0101 auga dabisko izcelsmi un agr\u012bno evol\u016bciju, uzsverot t\u0101 v\u0113sturisko lomu cilv\u0113ku sabiedr\u012bbas att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101. \u0160\u012b noda\u013ca ir no noda\u013cas par “Ka\u0146epju kult\u016bras izplat\u012bbu”. Otr\u0101s t\u016bksto\u0161gades beig\u0101s un divdesmit pirmaj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 ka\u0146epju audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 notika b\u016btiskas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":81652,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[119],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-81637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-herbs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81637"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81637\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}