{"id":79817,"date":"2023-03-07T10:16:39","date_gmt":"2023-03-07T07:16:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demo5.teaser-cube.ru\/2023\/03\/07\/lv-atklati-apputeksnetu-un-iedzimtu-seklu-ieguve\/"},"modified":"2023-03-07T10:16:39","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T07:16:39","slug":"lv-atklati-apputeksnetu-un-iedzimtu-seklu-ieguve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/2023\/03\/07\/lv-atklati-apputeksnetu-un-iedzimtu-seklu-ieguve\/","title":{"rendered":"Atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113tu un iedzimtu s\u0113klu ieguve"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u0113laties uzzin\u0101t, kur ieg\u0101d\u0101ties augstas kvalit\u0101tes d\u0101rze\u0146u s\u0113klas? Uzziniet visu, kas jums j\u0101zina par to, k\u0101 ieg\u0101d\u0101ties s\u0113klas, kas ieg\u016btas ar atkl\u0101tu apputeksn\u0113\u0161anu, lai izaudz\u0113tu veiksm\u012bgu un iztur\u012bgu d\u0101rzu.\n<\/p>\n

P\u0113c 25 gadu ilgas biolo\u0123isk\u0101s d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161anas man nesen rad\u0101s vair\u0101k nek\u0101 parasti d\u0101rza neveiksmju. Vai pie neveiksm\u012bgaj\u0101m ra\u017e\u0101m biju vain\u012bgs es pats, vai ar\u012b pie vainas bija laikapst\u0101k\u013ci? Vai es biju izv\u0113l\u0113jies nepareizas s\u0113klas? Es nol\u0113mu to izp\u0113t\u012bt, interv\u0113jot vair\u0101kus s\u0113klu ekspertus savai t\u012bmek\u013ca vietnei A Way to Garden, kas mani aizveda uz p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161u atkl\u0101jumu pilnu ce\u013cu. Es no jauna ieraudz\u012bju, ka katrs veiksm\u012bgs un iztur\u012bgs d\u0101rzs s\u0101kas ar kvalitat\u012bv\u0101m un d\u0101rza aug\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013ciem piem\u0113rot\u0101m s\u0113kl\u0101m.\n<\/p>\n

S\u0113klas ir dz\u012bvas
\n<\/h2>\n

Padom\u0101jiet par to: Cik daudz\u0101s cit\u0101s pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju nozar\u0113s pa pastu pieg\u0101d\u0101 dz\u012bvus embrijus vai izvieto tos veikal\u0101 uz plaukta? S\u0113klas ir dz\u012bvas, un t\u0101s piel\u0101gojas, tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101s liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ietekm\u0113 vide, kur\u0101 t\u0101s s\u0101kotn\u0113ji tika audz\u0113tas, un veids, k\u0101 tika rad\u012bta katra s\u0113klu paaudze. T\u0101s att\u012bst\u0101s, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi, vair\u0101k, nek\u0101 m\u0113s iedom\u0101jamies. \u0160\u012bs adapt\u0101cijas pamat\u0101 ir gan ac\u012bmredzami faktori, piem\u0113ram, klimats, gan ar\u012b kult\u016bras faktori, piem\u0113ram, tas, vai s\u0113kl\u0101m tika dots \u0137\u012bmiskais m\u0113slojums. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 uz 10 da\u017e\u0101du s\u0113klu firmu s\u0113klu iepakojumiem var b\u016bt nor\u0101d\u012bts viens un tas pats \u0161\u0137irnes nosaukums, bet to, kas ir iek\u0161pus\u0113, ne vienm\u0113r ir rad\u012btas vien\u0101das \u0161\u0137irnes. Tom\u0101ts ‘Brandywine’ nav ‘Brandywine’ nav ‘Brandywine.’\n<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c, ieg\u0101d\u0101joties s\u0113klas, vissvar\u012bg\u0101kajam jaut\u0101jumam vajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt: “Vai \u0161\u012b dz\u012bv\u0101 b\u016btne jut\u012bsies labi man\u0101 d\u0101rz\u0101?” Tas noz\u012bm\u0113: “Kam \u0161\u012b s\u0113kla ir piel\u0101gota?” Bet to nevar zin\u0101t, ja nezin\u0101t s\u0113klu s\u0101kotn\u0113jo avotu, kas, p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i, bie\u017ei vien nav t\u0101s p\u0101rdev\u0113js. Daudzi uz\u0146\u0113mumi paties\u012bb\u0101 ir t\u0101l\u0101kp\u0101rdev\u0113ji, nevis augu selekcion\u0101ri vai pat s\u0113klaudz\u0113t\u0101ji. Jums ir j\u0101zina, kas, kur un k\u0101 izaudz\u0113ja s\u0113klas.\n<\/p>\n

Atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113tas s\u0113klas
\n<\/h2>\n
<\/figure>\n

\u012apa\u0161i svar\u012bga ir r\u016bp\u012bga s\u0113klu ieguve, ja runa ir par atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113t\u0101m (OP) \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m, tostarp ar\u012b par p\u0101rmantot\u0101m \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m. Daudziem d\u0101rzkopjiem pat\u012bk saglab\u0101t s\u0113klas no gada uz gadu, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146i izv\u0113las atkl\u0101tas apputeksn\u0113tas \u0161\u0137irnes, kas to \u013cauj. OP ir “dz\u012bvs, elpojo\u0161s organisms, kas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no hibr\u012bda ir paredz\u0113ts att\u012bst\u012bbai laika gait\u0101,” saka Mikaela Kollija (Micaela Colley), izpilddirektore Organic Seed Alliance (OSA), kas veicina \u0113tisku s\u0113klu apsaimnieko\u0161anu un re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101s selekcijas atjauno\u0161anu. Kam\u0113r vien putek\u0161\u0146i netiek dal\u012bti starp da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m vienas sugas \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m, ieg\u016bt\u0101s atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113t\u0101s s\u0113klas saglab\u0101sies tipam un rad\u012bs n\u0101kamo paaudzi, kas liel\u0101koties l\u012bdzin\u0101s savam vec\u0101kaugam.\n<\/p>\n

Tas neattiecas uz hibr\u012bd\u0161\u0137irn\u0113m, kas tiek rad\u012btas, apzin\u0101ti krustojot divus \u0123en\u0113tiski at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgus, homozigotus (augsti inbredus) vec\u0101kus. \u0160\u0101das hibridiz\u0101cijas rezult\u0101t\u0101 tiek ieg\u016bti viendab\u012bgi augi ar piepras\u012bt\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m — piem\u0113ram, iztur\u012bba pret slim\u012bb\u0101m. Hibr\u012bda auga’s\u0113klas neaug atbilsto\u0161i tipam, bet gan rada n\u0101kamo paaudzi, kurai piem\u012bt neparedzams paz\u012bmju kl\u0101sts. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka hibr\u012bdu gad\u012bjum\u0101 pirc\u0113jiem katru gadu j\u0101ieg\u0101d\u0101jas jaunas s\u0113klas (atkal t\u0101p\u0113c, ka augu p\u0113cn\u0101c\u0113ji neb\u016bs l\u012bdz\u012bgi saviem vec\u0101kiem). Apm\u0113ram 1950. gad\u0101 hibr\u012bdi k\u013cuva popul\u0101ri lauksaimnieku vid\u016b, da\u013c\u0113ji to viendab\u012bguma d\u0113\u013c. Iedom\u0101jieties, ka pirmo reizi atkl\u0101j komerci\u0101li izdev\u012bgas, izmaksas taupo\u0161as \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, piem\u0113ram, vien\u0101 reiz\u0113 ra\u017eai gatavu s\u012bpolu vai broko\u013cu lauku. \u0160\u012bs v\u0113lam\u0101s paz\u012bmes \u0101tri tika ieviestas, \u013caujot veidot arvien liel\u0101kas monokult\u016bras.\n<\/p>\n

Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam - atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113t\u0101m s\u0113kl\u0101m ir liela potenci\u0101l\u0101 main\u012bba un daudzveid\u012bba, jo to s\u0113klas tiek ieg\u016btas, putek\u0161\u0146iem br\u012bvi pl\u016bstot starp visiem \u0123en\u0113tiski l\u012bdz\u012bgajiem vec\u0101kiem (pretstat\u0101 apzin\u0101tai krusto\u0161anai, k\u0101 tas notiek hibr\u012bdu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101). T\u0101p\u0113c, lai ra\u017eotu kvalitat\u012bvas OP s\u0113klas, katru gadu ir r\u016bp\u012bgi j\u0101p\u0101rrauga s\u0113klu ra\u017ea: j\u0101izsv\u012btro v\u0101ji augo\u0161ie augi un indiv\u012bdi, kas novirz\u0101s no kursa, vienlaikus atlasot augus, kas ir iztur\u012bg\u0101ki vai iztur\u012bg\u0101ki pret slim\u012bb\u0101m. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar selekcion\u0101ra eksperta un OSA l\u012bdzdibin\u0101t\u0101ja D\u017eona Navazio (John Navazio), kur\u0161 nesen k\u013cuva par Johnny selekcion\u0101ru Johnny selekcion\u0101ru Menas \u0161tat\u0101, teikto, ja j\u016bs gadu no gada neuztur\u0113siet OP un nep\u0101rveidosiet atlasi, lai ieg\u016btu sev t\u012bkam\u0101ko \u0161\u0137irni, un atbr\u012bvosieties no augiem, kas ac\u012bmredzami nav piem\u0113roti j\u016bsu audz\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mai, \u0161\u0137irnes l\u0113n\u0101m izzud\u012bs \u0123en\u0113tisk\u0101 dreifa rezult\u0101t\u0101.\n<\/p>\n

Tas, ka s\u0113klu audz\u0113\u0161ana beidz\u0101s, ir tie\u0161i tas, kas visp\u0101r ir noticis ar OP, jo s\u0113klu nozare t\u0101 viet\u0101 sekoja hibr\u012bdu naudai. Iesp\u0113jams, t\u0101p\u0113c ra\u017eas nov\u0101k\u0161anas laik\u0101 da\u017eas no man\u0101m nesenaj\u0101m d\u0101rza neveiksm\u0113m (un, iesp\u0113jams, ar\u012b tavas) neatg\u0101din\u0101ja to kataloga fotoatt\u0113lus vai aprakstus.\n<\/p>\n

K\u013c\u016bdaini priek\u0161stati par p\u0101rmantotaj\u0101m s\u0113kl\u0101m
\n<\/h2>\n

V\u0101rds “mantojums” neko daudz nepasaka, nedz ar\u012b garant\u0113 kvalit\u0101ti vai pan\u0101kumus. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m defin\u012bcij\u0101m, \u0161\u0137irne ir t\u0101da tipa atkl\u0101t\u0101 veid\u0101 apputeksn\u0113ta \u0161\u0137irne, kas ir vismaz 50 vai 100 gadus veca, vai ar\u012b ir saglab\u0101jusies \u0101rpus komerci\u0101l\u0101 s\u0113klu tirgus vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50 gadus, nododot to no paaudzes paaudz\u0113 vien\u0101 \u0123imen\u0113 vai kopien\u0101. Neraugoties uz mantojuma \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u pievilc\u012bbu un popularit\u0101ti, \u0161\u012b termina noz\u012bme ir neskaidra.\n<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r kult\u016brv\u0113sturiskajam, lauksaimniec\u012bbas un bot\u0101niskajam mantojumam ir iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161a noz\u012bme, un tie ir bag\u0101ti ar v\u0113rt\u012bgu \u0123en\u0113tisko daudzveid\u012bbu. Seed Savers Exchange, kas jau 40 gadus ir ap\u0146\u0113musies saglab\u0101t un atdz\u012bvin\u0101t p\u0101rmantot\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes, apstiprina, ka p\u0101rmantot\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes (vai jebkuras OP) celms, kas nav kopts, k\u013c\u016bst par savas \u0123en\u0113tisk\u0101s izcelsmes mirdzumu.\n<\/p>\n

“Heirloom”, \u0161\u0137iet, ir \u013coti popul\u0101rs lauksaimnieku tirgus pirc\u0113ju un s\u0113klu pirc\u0113ju vid\u016b, t\u0101p\u0113c, l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 “natural” p\u0101rtikas pasaul\u0113, \u0161is termins var tikt izmantots k\u0101 \"za\u013c\u0101s skandas\" (greenwashing), ja paci\u0146as iek\u0161pus\u0113 ir s\u0113klas, kas nav biju\u0161as stingri koptas. Es esmu aizdom\u012bgs, ja katalogs man nepied\u0101v\u0101 nek\u0101du inform\u0101ciju par s\u0113kl\u0101m, iz\u0146emot to mar\u0137\u0113jumu “heirloom, ” kas pats par sevi nav pietiekama inform\u0101cija, lai zin\u0101tu, vai es sa\u0146emu kvalitat\u012bvas un manam d\u0101rzam piem\u0113rotas s\u0113klas.\n<\/p>\n

Mantojam\u0101s s\u0113klas nav vien\u012bg\u0101s OP s\u0113klas (un pat ne vienm\u0113r t\u0101s ir visaizraujo\u0161\u0101k\u0101s). Visas \u0161\u0137irnes ir atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113tas, bet ne visas atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113t\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes ir \u0161\u0137irnes, kas ir mantojamas. Daudzi eksperti st\u0101sta, ka da\u017eas no visdinamisk\u0101kaj\u0101m OP \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m ir modern\u0101s jeb “r\u012btdienas mantojuma \u0161\u0137irnes,” k\u0101 t\u0101s d\u0113v\u0113 Kens Gr\u012bns (Ken Greene), Hudzonas ielejas S\u0113klu bibliot\u0113kas \u0145ujork\u0101 l\u012bdzdibin\u0101t\u0101js, atsaucoties uz t\u0101diem d\u0101rgumiem k\u0101 bibliot\u0113kas milz\u012bgi lieli, re\u0123ionam piel\u0101goti ‘Upstate Oxheart’tom\u0101ti, kas izaudz\u0113ti un selekcion\u0113ti Dutchess apgabal\u0101, \u0145ujork\u0101.\n<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

Es apbr\u012bnoju modern\u0101s OP, ko jau 40 gadus audz\u0113 selekcion\u0101rs Alans Kapulers no Oregonas un kas ir pieejamas katalog\u0101 Peace Seedlings un citur, piem\u0113ram, vi\u0146a dramatiskie, violeti p\u0101ksti\u0146ainie ‘Sugar Magnolia’ zirn\u012b\u0161i. Tas pats attiecas uz spilgtajiem ‘Merlot’ sal\u0101tiem, ko rad\u012bjis Frenks Mortons no Oregonas uz\u0146\u0113muma Wild Garden Seed, kur\u0161, t\u0101pat k\u0101 Navazio un Kapulers, iedvesmo un konsult\u0113 topo\u0161os s\u0113klaudz\u0113t\u0101jus. \u0160\u012bs \u0161\u0137irnes, k\u0101 ar\u012b Mortona sarkan\u0101s kr\u0101sas ‘Flashy Butter Oak’ sal\u0101ti un ‘Flashback’ kalandulas ir satrieco\u0161i n\u0101kotnes p\u0101rmantotie augi, un tas ir aizraujo\u0161i n\u0101kotnes d\u0101rzkopjiem. Mortons audz\u0113 visas s\u0113klas, ko vi\u0146\u0161 p\u0101rdod gan mazumtirdzniec\u012bb\u0101, gan vairumtirdzniec\u012bb\u0101 (liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca vi\u0146a dar\u012bjumu notiek ar citiem katalogiem un lauksaimniekiem).\n<\/p>\n

T\u0101p\u0113c es neesmu p\u0101rsteigts, ka, audz\u0113jot m\u016bsdienu OP d\u0101rgakme\u0146us no lab\u0101kajiem biolo\u0123iskajiem audz\u0113t\u0101jiem, man bie\u017ei vien ir vislab\u0101kie rezult\u0101ti. Lauksaimnieki selekcion\u0101ri, kas tos audz\u0113, akt\u012bvi un cie\u0161i nodarbojas ar s\u0113klu \u0123en\u0113tiku, att\u012bstot \u0161\u0137irnes re\u0101laj\u0101 laik\u0101. M\u016bsdien\u0101s s\u0113klu pasaul\u0113 tas ir iz\u0146\u0113mums, nevis likums.\n<\/p>\n

Aizrau\u0161an\u0101s ar hibr\u012bdu \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m
\n<\/h2>\n

Da\u017ei uzskata, ka \"hibr\u012bds”\" ir slikts v\u0101rds, citi saka, ka \u0161\u0101da veida s\u0113klas ir burvju n\u016bji\u0146a. Bet varb\u016bt tas nav ne viens, ne otrs. Es sav\u0101 d\u0101rz\u0101 audz\u0113ju da\u017eus hibr\u012bdus starp OP. Da\u017ei audz\u0113t\u0101ji no tiem izvair\u0101s, jo biolo\u0123isk\u0101s daudzveid\u012bbas mazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 ir saist\u012bta ar hibr\u012bdu’ domin\u0113\u0161anu nozar\u0113 — un t\u0101p\u0113c, ka vi\u0146i v\u0113las b\u016bt neatkar\u012bgi no s\u0113kl\u0101m (tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka nev\u0113las katru gadu ieg\u0101d\u0101ties s\u0113klas). Attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz da\u017e\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, tom\u0101tu iztur\u012bbu pret slim\u012bb\u0101m, es esmu pa\u013c\u0101vies uz noteiktiem hibr\u012bdiem. T\u0101di eksperti k\u0101 Colley un Navazio apgalvo, ka ar\u012b OP var pied\u0101v\u0101t daudzas \u0161\u0101das \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, ja selekcion\u0101ri ieguld\u012bs laiku un zin\u0101\u0161anas augu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101. Bet attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz daudziem d\u0101rze\u0146iem m\u0113s vienk\u0101r\u0161i v\u0113l neesam tur non\u0101ku\u0161i. Navazio apgalvo, ka nozare ir tik \u013coti orient\u0113ta uz hibr\u012bdiem, ka da\u017eas veselas kult\u016bras pat cie\u0161 no hibr\u012bd\u012bta, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka vair\u0101k nek\u0101 90 procenti pieejamo \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u ir hibr\u012bdi. Tas attiecas uz broko\u013ciem, k\u0101postiem un burk\u0101niem.\n<\/p>\n

“Praktiski neviens nav r\u016bp\u0113jies par OP \u0123en\u0113tiku, kop\u0161 pirms aptuveni 40 gadiem s\u0113klu komp\u0101nijas ieguld\u012bja l\u012bdzek\u013cus hibr\u012bdos,” Navazio saka: “Pie hibr\u012bdiem pusgadsimtu ir str\u0101d\u0101ju\u0161i lab\u0101kie un gudr\u0101kie selekcion\u0101ri.” Atkl\u0101ti sakot, tie\u0161i tur bija nauda. T\u0101 k\u0101 arvien vair\u0101k d\u0101rzkopju un lauksaimnieku izprot hibr\u012bdu un OP kompromisus un p\u0101riet uz atkl\u0101ti apputeksn\u0113t\u0101m s\u0113kl\u0101m, uz\u0146\u0113mumi vair\u0101k ieguld\u012bs \u0161\u0101d\u0101s \u0161\u0137irn\u0113s, pied\u0101v\u0101jot audz\u0113t\u0101jiem iesp\u0113ju saglab\u0101t savas pirm\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu, biolo\u0123iski audz\u0113tu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u s\u0113klas.\n<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

K\u0101 ir ar \u0123en\u0113tiski modific\u0113tiem organismiem?
\n<\/h2>\n

Neraugoties uz neseno apjukumu, “hibr\u012bds” nav sinon\u012bms v\u0101rdam “transg\u0113ns hibr\u012bds” (saukts ar\u012b “\u0123en\u0113tiski modific\u0113ts organisms ” vai \u0122MO). Transg\u0113nas s\u0113klas tiek ieg\u016btas biotehnolo\u0123iju laboratorij\u0101 proces\u0101, kas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no OP un hibr\u012bdiem nav saist\u012bts ar dzimumvairo\u0161anos. Lai rad\u012btu \u0122M \u0161\u0137irni, zin\u0101tnieki p\u0101rnes g\u0113nus starp organismiem, kas nav pietiekami cie\u0161i saist\u012bti, lai cit\u0101di var\u0113tu vairoties.\n<\/p>\n

Lai gan daudzi d\u0101rzkopji man steidzami l\u016bdz, lai es pal\u012bdzu atrast katalogus, kuros netiek p\u0101rdotas \u0123en\u0113tiski modific\u0113tas s\u0113klas, es par to neuztraucos t\u0101, k\u0101 uztraucos, iep\u0113rkoties p\u0101rtik\u0101, kur \u0122MO ir pirmaj\u0101 viet\u0101. Tas ir t\u0101p\u0113c, ka pa\u0161laik neviens m\u0101jas d\u0101rza s\u0113klu katalogs apzin\u0101ti nep\u0101rdod \u0123en\u0113tiski modific\u0113tas s\u0113klas. Pagaid\u0101m t\u0101s ir pieejamas tikai lauksaimniec\u012bbas kult\u016bru jom\u0101, un, lai audz\u0113tu \u0161\u012bs lauksaimniec\u012bbas s\u0113klas (t\u0101d\u0101m kult\u016br\u0101m k\u0101 lucerna, rapsis, kukur\u016bza, kokvilna, sojas pupas, skvo\u0161s un cukurbietes), lauksaimniekam j\u0101nosl\u0113dz nomas l\u012bgumam l\u012bdz\u012bgs juridisks l\u012bgums — ne glu\u017ei k\u0101 tad, kad j\u016bs licenc\u0113jat datorprogrammas kopiju. Katalogi, kas d\u0101rzkopjiem p\u0101rdod nelielas paci\u0146as, nav saist\u012bti ar licenc\u0113\u0161anu. J\u0101, d\u0101rza s\u0113klu pied\u0101v\u0101jum\u0101 var b\u016bt neapzin\u0101ti \u0123en\u0113tisk\u0101 pies\u0101r\u0146ojuma gad\u012bjumi, lai gan gudri uz\u0146\u0113mumi tagad p\u0101rbauda neaizsarg\u0101t\u0101s kult\u016bras, piem\u0113ram, saldo kukur\u016bzu, un ar lepnumu par to inform\u0113 klientus. Daudzi katalogi ska\u013ci apgalvo, ka s\u0113klas nav \u0123en\u0113tiski modific\u0113tas, tie\u0161i t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, lai rea\u0123\u0113tu uz pieaugo\u0161aj\u0101m klientu ba\u017e\u0101m. Tas ir labi, ja vien tas nav vien\u012bgais main\u012bgais lielums, ko katalogs man nor\u0101da. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 tad, ja es redzu tikai “mantojuma” apgalvojumu, es esmu aizdom\u012bgs, ja “nav \u0122MO” ir viss, ko man pied\u0101v\u0101. Mekl\u0113jiet katalogus, kuros sniegta s\u012bk\u0101ka inform\u0101cija.\n<\/p>\n

Re\u0123ion\u0101l\u0101 s\u0113klaudz\u0113\u0161ana
\n<\/h2>\n

Jo vair\u0101k es uzzinu, jo vair\u0101k esmu noska\u0146ots savu lokavorismu p\u0101rcelt uz s\u0113klu l\u012bmeni. T\u0101 nav ori\u0123in\u0101la ideja. “Apm\u0113ram 12 000 gadu lauksaimniec\u012bbas v\u0113stur\u0113 lauksaimniekiem l\u012bdz pavisam nesenam laikam vienm\u0113r ir bijusi cie\u0161a saikne ar s\u0113kl\u0101m, ko vi\u0146i audz\u0113,” Navazio saka: “Vi\u0146i ir biju\u0161i s\u0113klu glab\u0101t\u0101ji un paties\u012bb\u0101 veidoju\u0161i s\u0113klas — un lauksaimniec\u012bbas prakse un kopienas ir att\u012bst\u012bju\u0161\u0101s l\u012bdz ar vi\u0146u audz\u0113taj\u0101m s\u0113klu \u0161\u0137irn\u0113m.”\n<\/p>\n

Pat tad, ja nev\u0113laties saglab\u0101t savu s\u0113klu, atrodot j\u016bsu re\u0123ionam audz\u0113tu s\u0113klu, var\u0113siet lab\u0101k iztur\u0113t viet\u0113j\u0101s klimata, kait\u0113k\u013cu un slim\u012bbu rad\u012bt\u0101s probl\u0113mas. Tas var pat ietekm\u0113t gar\u0161u, piem\u0113ram, tom\u0101tu gar\u0161u, saka Toms St\u0113rnss (Tom Stearns), Vermont\u0101 b\u0101z\u0113t\u0101s High Mowing Organic Seeds, kas p\u0101rdod hibr\u012bdus, p\u0101rmantotas s\u0113klas un modernas OP s\u0113klas, dibin\u0101t\u0101js. St\u0113rnss saka: \"Ja tom\u0101ts ir selekcion\u0113ts un selekcion\u0113ts videi, kur\u0101 to audz\u0113jat, tad j\u016bs varat sasniegt \u0161\u012bs \u0161\u0137irnes gar\u0161as virsotni.\" “Ja tom\u0101ts ir selekcion\u0113ts un selekcion\u0113ts videi, kur\u0101 to audz\u0113jat, tad j\u016bs varat sasniegt \u0161\u012bs \u0161\u0137irnes gar\u0161as virsotni. Bet, ja t\u0101 ir, piem\u0113ram, Florid\u0101 audz\u0113ta \u0161\u0137irne, bet j\u016bs to audz\u0113jat zieme\u013caustrumos, tad \u0161\u012bs s\u0113klas \u0123en\u0113tika un j\u016bsu vide nenodro\u0161in\u0101s \u0161\u012bs kult\u016bras maksim\u0101lo potenci\u0101lu.”\n<\/p>\n

Lai gan ir lietder\u012bgi izv\u0113l\u0113ties viet\u0113jos, \u0146emiet v\u0113r\u0101, ka tas, ka uz\u0146\u0113mums atrodas j\u016bsu re\u0123ion\u0101, nenoz\u012bm\u0113, ka visas t\u0101 pied\u0101v\u0101t\u0101s s\u0113klas ir audz\u0113tas un izaudz\u0113tas viet\u0113j\u0101 augsn\u0113. Iesp\u0113jams, uz\u0146\u0113mums sl\u0113dz l\u012bgumus ar lieliem s\u0113klu vairumtirgot\u0101jiem citur. V\u0113l viens labs iemesls, lai pajaut\u0101tu uz\u0146\u0113mumiem: “No kurienes \u012bsti n\u0101k j\u016bsu s\u0113klas?”\n<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

Biolo\u0123isk\u0101s s\u0113klas
\n<\/h2>\n

S\u0113klaudz\u0113\u0161ana var b\u016bt net\u012brs bizness. Auga audz\u0113\u0161ana vis\u0101 t\u0101 dz\u012bves cikl\u0101 l\u012bdz reprodukt\u012bvajai f\u0101zei noz\u012bm\u0113, ka augs atrodas zem\u0113 ilg\u0101k — tas ir pak\u013cauts vair\u0101k m\u0113ne\u0161u kait\u0113k\u013cu un slim\u012bbu ietekmei — nek\u0101 tas pats kult\u016braugs, kas audz\u0113ts p\u0101rtikai. Turkl\u0101t noteikumi par lauksaimniec\u012bbas \u0137imik\u0101liju lieto\u0161anu s\u0113klkop\u012bb\u0101 var b\u016bt maz\u0101k stingri, nek\u0101 audz\u0113jot to pa\u0161u kult\u016bru tirg\u016b. Ja vien j\u016bs nep\u0113rkat tikai biolo\u0123isk\u0101s s\u0113klas, j\u016bs neapzin\u0101ti varat veicin\u0101t \u0137\u012bmisko pies\u0101r\u0146ojumu s\u0113klu audz\u0113\u0161anas saimniec\u012bb\u0101s. Biolo\u0123isk\u0101s s\u0113klas ir lab\u0101kais risin\u0101jums, ko varat izv\u0113l\u0113ties, lai j\u016bsu piem\u0101jas d\u0101rzs b\u016btu br\u012bvs no \u0137imik\u0101lij\u0101m. Tradicion\u0101li audz\u0113tu s\u0113klu izmanto\u0161anu St\u0113rnss d\u0113v\u0113 par “bl\u0101vu r\u012bku” m\u0101jas d\u0101rzkopjiem, kas neizmanto \u0137imik\u0101lijas, jo \u0161\u012bs s\u0113klas ir selekcion\u0113tas un audz\u0113tas, izmantojot pestic\u012bdus un \u0137\u012bmiskos m\u0113slo\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013cus — piel\u0101gotas to di\u0113tai.\n<\/p>\n

“Cilv\u0113ku audz\u0113t\u0101s kult\u016braugu \u0161\u0137irnes liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 ietekm\u0113 vide,” Navazio saka: “Ja m\u0113s audz\u0113jam kult\u016braugus, izmantojot sint\u0113tiskas sist\u0113mas ar lielu ieguld\u012bjumu, tie tam piel\u0101gosies. Biolo\u0123iskaj\u0101 lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 ir no jauna j\u0101ievie\u0161 daba, un, lai to izdar\u012btu lauksaimniec\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101, kult\u016braugi ir j\u0101piel\u0101go darb\u012bbai piln\u012bgi jaunaj\u0101 paradigm\u0101, kad m\u0113slojums nav vair\u0101k nek\u0101 pietiekams un netiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ta aizsardz\u012bba pret visiem patog\u0113niem, slim\u012bbu ierosin\u0101t\u0101jiem vai kukai\u0146iem.”Mums j\u0101s\u0101k pras\u012bt atbild\u012bbu no s\u0113klu tirgot\u0101jiem un j\u0101prasa, lai vi\u0146i nor\u0101da, vai katras pied\u0101v\u0101t\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes selekcij\u0101 un audz\u0113\u0161an\u0101 ir izmantotas \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s vielas. Tas pras\u012btu papildu darbu p\u0101rdev\u0113jiem, t\u0101p\u0113c, iz\u0146emot sertific\u0113tu biolo\u0123isko s\u0113klu mar\u0137\u0113\u0161anu, liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca uz\u0146\u0113mumu to nedara. J\u016bsu jaut\u0101jumi var rosin\u0101t p\u0101rmai\u0146as.\n<\/p>\n

\u012ass ieskats s\u0113klu nozar\u0113
\n<\/h2>\n

No kurienes n\u0101k j\u016bsu s\u0113klas un vai t\u0101s ir piem\u0113rotas j\u016bsu d\u0101rzam? Pirmk\u0101rt, atcerieties, ka daudzas m\u0101jas d\u0101rza s\u0113klu komp\u0101nijas neaudz\u0113 un pat nera\u017eo to, ko p\u0101rdod. D\u0101rzkopju vajadz\u012bbas \u013coti at\u0161\u0137iras no r\u016bpniecisko lauksaimnieku vajadz\u012bb\u0101m, bet, t\u0101 k\u0101 d\u0101rza s\u0113klas veido tikai nelielu da\u013cu no pasaules s\u0113klu tirgus, p\u0113tniec\u012bba un selekcija jau gadu desmitiem ir koncentr\u0113ta uz ienes\u012bg\u0101ko segmentu. \u012ass p\u0101rskats par s\u0113klu nozari rada ba\u017eas.\n<\/p>\n

Maz\u0101k nek\u0101 10 starptautisk\u0101m korpor\u0101cij\u0101m — milzu uz\u0146\u0113mumiem, kas ra\u017eo ar\u012b farm\u0101cijas un \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s vielas — pa\u0161laik pieder aptuveni 80 % no pasaules s\u0113klu s\u0113klu tirdzniec\u012bbas apjoma. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca \u0161o s\u0113klu ir paredz\u0113tas lauka kult\u016br\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, kukur\u016bzai un sojai, lai gan \u0161ie uz\u0146\u0113mumi arvien vair\u0101k invest\u0113 aug\u013cu un d\u0101rze\u0146u s\u0113klu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. N\u0101kamais s\u0113klu nozares l\u012bmenis ietver milz\u012bgus izplat\u012bt\u0101jus, kas neaudz\u0113 s\u0113klas, bet p\u0101rdod lielo uz\u0146\u0113mumu produkciju (da\u017ek\u0101rt m\u0101jas d\u0101rzu katalogos). Tad seko starpnieki, kas specializ\u0113jas l\u0113t\u0101s OP s\u0113kl\u0101s, kuras p\u0101rdod da\u017eos d\u0101rzu katalogos — nebiolo\u0123isk\u0101s s\u0113klas, kur\u0101m var tr\u016bkt labas, selekt\u012bvas uztur\u0113\u0161anas. \u0160ie liel\u0101koties uz izmaks\u0101m orient\u0113tie uz\u0146\u0113mumi sl\u0113dz l\u012bgumus par OP audz\u0113\u0161anu, ta\u010du tiem var tr\u016bkt ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbas un lepnuma par \u012bpa\u0161umties\u012bb\u0101m.\n<\/p>\n

L\u016bk, spilgt\u0101 gaisma \u0161aj\u0101 bl\u0101vaj\u0101 att\u0113l\u0101: Da\u013c\u0113ji pateicoties Biolo\u0123isko s\u0113klu aliansei, arvien vair\u0101k mazo selekcion\u0101ru izstr\u0101d\u0101 un kopj re\u0123ion\u0101li piem\u0113rotas kult\u016braugu \u0161\u0137irnes. \u0160\u012b kust\u012bba aizs\u0101k\u0101s pirms aptuveni 40 gadiem, kad septi\u0146desmito gadu s\u0101kum\u0101 t\u0101di s\u0113klaudz\u0113t\u0101ji k\u0101 Alans Kapulers uzs\u0101ka atkl\u0101tu selekciju. Aptuveni taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 Robs D\u017eonstons (Rob Johnston) no \"Johnny’s Selected Seeds\" Menas \u0161tat\u0101 — tagad tas ir liels, darbiniekiem piedero\u0161s uz\u0146\u0113mums, kas p\u0101rdod parast\u0101s un biolo\u0123isk\u0101s s\u0113klas — izveidoja savu uz\u0146\u0113mumu, lai noteiktu lab\u0101k\u0101s un viegl\u0101k audz\u0113jam\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes re\u0123ion\u0101lajiem d\u0101rzkopjiem. Frenks Mortons no Wild Garden Seed (kas p\u0101rdod s\u0113klas Johnny’s un citiem) str\u0101d\u0101 \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101 jau vair\u0101k nek\u0101 20 gadus, bet Toms St\u0113rnss no High Mowing - 18 gadus — abi vi\u0146i str\u0101d\u0101 tikai ar biolo\u0123isk\u0101m metod\u0113m.\n<\/p>\n

Vi\u0146iem uz pap\u0113\u017eiem mina m\u016bsdienu s\u0113klu glab\u0101t\u0101ju paaudze, da\u017ei no tiem str\u0101d\u0101 uz\u0146\u0113mumos ar atbilsto\u0161iem nosaukumiem, piem\u0113ram, Uprising Seeds un Adaptive Seeds Klus\u0101 oke\u0101na zieme\u013crietumos. Citu organiz\u0101ciju uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113jdarb\u012bbas modelis ir diezgan at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgs no transnacion\u0101lo uz\u0146\u0113mumu uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113jdarb\u012bbas mode\u013ca, tostarp divu \u0145ujorkas Hudzonas ielej\u0101: Turtle Tree Seed ir bezpe\u013c\u0146as organiz\u0101cija, kas nodarbina pieaugu\u0161os ar invalidit\u0101ti. Hudzonas ielejas S\u0113klu bibliot\u0113k\u0101 da\u017ei klienti izv\u0113las k\u013c\u016bt par biedriem un p\u0113c tam atdod savas saglab\u0101t\u0101s s\u0113klas, kas savuk\u0101rt tiek ziedotas v\u0113rt\u012bgiem m\u0113r\u0137iem. Uz\u0146\u0113mumi, kurus es \u0161eit (un rakst\u0101 “Picking Your Packets,”) esmu nosaucis, uztur stabilu \u0123en\u0113tisko b\u0101zi un vai nu ra\u017eo savas s\u0113klas, vai ar\u012b uztur cie\u0161us sakarus ar lauksaimniekiem, kas ra\u017eo s\u0113klas, — cilv\u0113kiem, kurus vi\u0146i ar lepnumu sauc v\u0101rd\u0101. Da\u017ei pat att\u012bsta jaunas \u0161\u0137irnes, kas paredz\u0113tas biolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m saimniec\u012bb\u0101m un d\u0101rziem, tie\u0161i uz vi\u0146u apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101s zemes, nesl\u0113pjot, k\u0101 tas notiek. Rezult\u0101ts ir izcilas s\u0113klas, kas sol\u0101s b\u016bt lab\u0101k piem\u0113rotas re\u0123ion\u0101lajiem d\u0101rzkopjiem.\n<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

Iepakojumu komplekt\u0113\u0161ana: 6 s\u0113klu iepirk\u0161an\u0101s noteikumi
\n<\/h2>\n
<\/figure>\n

Neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai Margaret Roach pied\u0101v\u0101 inform\u0101ciju sav\u0101 t\u012bmek\u013ca vietn\u0113 A Way to Garden vai sabiedriskaj\u0101 radio raid\u012bjum\u0101, vi\u0146a apvieno praktisku inform\u0101ciju un filozofisku iedvesmu biolo\u0123isko d\u0101rzu d\u0101rzkopjiem un tiem, kas interes\u0113jas par dabas pasauli. Vi\u0146a audz\u0113 augus un raksta par tiem jau vair\u0101k nek\u0101 25 gadus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u0113laties uzzin\u0101t, kur ieg\u0101d\u0101ties augstas kvalit\u0101tes d\u0101rze\u0146u s\u0113klas? Uzziniet visu, kas jums j\u0101zina par to, k\u0101 ieg\u0101d\u0101ties s\u0113klas, kas ieg\u016btas ar atkl\u0101tu apputeksn\u0113\u0161anu, lai izaudz\u0113tu veiksm\u012bgu un iztur\u012bgu d\u0101rzu. P\u0113c 25 gadu ilgas biolo\u0123isk\u0101s d\u0101rze\u0146u audz\u0113\u0161anas man nesen rad\u0101s vair\u0101k nek\u0101 parasti d\u0101rza neveiksmju. Vai pie neveiksm\u012bgaj\u0101m ra\u017e\u0101m biju vain\u012bgs es pats, vai ar\u012b pie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":79832,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-79817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-garden-planning"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79817"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79817\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79832"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=79817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my-garden.blog\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=79817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}